Cox, Christopher 1965-
An introduction to LTE LTE, LTE-advanced, SAE, VoLTE and 4G mobile communications / Christopher Cox, Director, Chris Cox Communications Ltd, UK. - 1 PDF (xxxvi, 449 pages) : illustrations.
Includes index.
Preface xxi -- Acknowledgements xxiii -- List of Abbreviations xxv -- 1 Introduction 1 -- 1.1 Architectural Review of UMTS and GSM 1 -- 1.1.1 High-Level Architecture 1 -- 1.1.2 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 2 -- 1.1.3 Architecture of the Core Network 4 -- 1.1.4 Communication Protocols 5 -- 1.2 History of Mobile Telecommunication Systems 6 -- 1.2.1 From 1G to 3G 6 -- 1.2.2 Third Generation Systems 7 -- 1.3 The Need for LTE 8 -- 1.3.1 The Growth of Mobile Data 8 -- 1.3.2 Capacity of a Mobile Telecommunication System 9 -- 1.3.3 Increasing the System Capacity 10 -- 1.3.4 Additional Motivations 11 -- 1.4 From UMTS to LTE 11 -- 1.4.1 High-Level Architecture of LTE 11 -- 1.4.2 Long-Term Evolution 12 -- 1.4.3 System Architecture Evolution 13 -- 1.4.4 LTE Voice Calls 14 -- 1.4.5 The Growth of LTE 15 -- 1.5 From LTE to LTE-Advanced 16 -- 1.5.1 The ITU Requirements for 4G 16 -- 1.5.2 Requirements of LTE-Advanced 16 -- 1.5.3 4G Communication Systems 16 -- 1.5.4 The Meaning of 4G 17 -- 1.6 The 3GPP Specifications for LTE 17 -- References 19 -- 2 System Architecture Evolution 21 -- 2.1 High-Level Architecture of LTE 21 -- 2.2 User Equipment 21 -- 2.2.1 Architecture of the UE 21 -- 2.2.2 UE Capabilities 22 -- 2.3 Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 23 -- 2.3.1 Architecture of the E-UTRAN 23 -- 2.3.2 Transport Network 24 -- 2.3.3 Small Cells and the Home eNB 25 -- 2.4 Evolved Packet Core 25 -- 2.4.1 Architecture of the EPC 25 -- 2.4.2 Roaming Architecture 27 -- 2.4.3 Network Areas 28 -- 2.4.4 Numbering, Addressing and Identification 28 -- 2.5 Communication Protocols 30 -- 2.5.1 Protocol Model 30 -- 2.5.2 Air Interface Transport Protocols 31 -- 2.5.3 Fixed Network Transport Protocols 31 -- 2.5.4 User Plane Protocols 32 -- 2.5.5 Signalling Protocols 33 -- 2.6 Example Signalling Flows 34 -- 2.6.1 Access Stratum Signalling 34 -- 2.6.2 Non-Access Stratum Signalling 35 -- 2.7 Bearer Management 36 -- 2.7.1 The EPS Bearer 36 -- 2.7.2 Default and Dedicated Bearers 37. 2.7.3 Bearer Implementation Using GTP 38 -- 2.7.4 Bearer Implementation Using GRE and PMIP 39 -- 2.7.5 Signalling Radio Bearers 39 -- 2.8 State Diagrams 40 -- 2.8.1 EPS Mobility Management 40 -- 2.8.2 EPS Connection Management 40 -- 2.8.3 Radio Resource Control 41 -- 2.9 Spectrum Allocation 43 -- References 45 -- 3 Digital Wireless Communications 49 -- 3.1 Radio Transmission and Reception 49 -- 3.1.1 Carrier Signal 49 -- 3.1.2 Modulation Techniques 50 -- 3.1.3 The Modulation Process 51 -- 3.1.4 The Demodulation Process 53 -- 3.1.5 Channel Estimation 55 -- 3.1.6 Bandwidth of the Modulated Signal 55 -- 3.2 Radio Transmission in a Mobile Cellular Network 56 -- 3.2.1 Multiple Access Techniques 56 -- 3.2.2 FDD and TDD Modes 56 -- 3.3 Impairments to the Received Signal 58 -- 3.3.1 Propagation Loss 58 -- 3.3.2 Noise and Interference 58 -- 3.3.3 Multipath and Fading 58 -- 3.3.4 Inter-symbol Interference 60 -- 3.4 Error Management 61 -- 3.4.1 Forward Error Correction 61 -- 3.4.2 Automatic Repeat Request 62 -- 3.4.3 Hybrid ARQ 63 -- References 65 -- 4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 67 -- 4.1 Principles of OFDMA 67 -- 4.1.1 Sub-carriers 67 -- 4.1.2 The OFDM Transmitter 68 -- 4.1.3 The OFDM Receiver 70 -- 4.1.4 The Fast Fourier Transform 72 -- 4.1.5 Block Diagram of OFDMA 72 -- 4.1.6 Details of the Fourier Transform 73 -- 4.2 Benefits and Additional Features of OFDMA 75 -- 4.2.1 Orthogonal Sub-carriers 75 -- 4.2.2 Choice of Sub-carrier Spacing 75 -- 4.2.3 Frequency-Specific Scheduling 77 -- 4.2.4 Reduction of Inter-symbol Interference 78 -- 4.2.5 Cyclic Prefix Insertion 79 -- 4.2.6 Choice of Symbol Duration 80 -- 4.2.7 Fractional Frequency Re-use 81 -- 4.3 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 82 -- 4.3.1 Power Variations From OFDMA 82 -- 4.3.2 Block Diagram of SC-FDMA 83 -- References 85 -- 5 Multiple Antenna Techniques 87 -- 5.1 Diversity Processing 87 -- 5.1.1 Receive Diversity 87 -- 5.1.2 Closed Loop Transmit Diversity 88 -- 5.1.3 Open Loop Transmit Diversity 89. 5.2 Spatial Multiplexing 90 -- 5.2.1 Principles of Operation 90 -- 5.2.2 Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing 92 -- 5.2.3 Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing 94 -- 5.2.4 Matrix Representation 96 -- 5.2.5 Implementation Issues 99 -- 5.2.6 Multiple User MIMO 99 -- 5.3 Beamforming 101 -- 5.3.1 Principles of Operation 101 -- 5.3.2 Beam Steering 102 -- 5.3.3 Downlink Multiple User MIMO Revisited 103 -- References 104 -- 6 Architecture of the LTE Air Interface 105 -- 6.1 Air Interface Protocol Stack 105 -- 6.2 Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 107 -- 6.2.1 Logical Channels 107 -- 6.2.2 Transport Channels 107 -- 6.2.3 Physical Data Channels 108 -- 6.2.4 Control Information 109 -- 6.2.5 Physical Control Channels 110 -- 6.2.6 Physical Signals 111 -- 6.2.7 Information Flows 111 -- 6.3 The Resource Grid 111 -- 6.3.1 Slot Structure 111 -- 6.3.2 Frame Structure 113 -- 6.3.3 Uplink Timing Advance 115 -- 6.3.4 Resource Grid Structure 116 -- 6.3.5 Bandwidth Options 117 -- 6.4 Multiple Antenna Transmission 118 -- 6.4.1 Downlink Antenna Ports 118 -- 6.4.2 Downlink Transmission Modes 119 -- 6.5 Resource Element Mapping 119 -- 6.5.1 Downlink Resource Element Mapping 119 -- 6.5.2 Uplink Resource Element Mapping 121 -- References 123 -- 7 Cell Acquisition 125 -- 7.1 Acquisition Procedure 125 -- 7.2 Synchronization Signals 126 -- 7.2.1 Physical Cell Identity 126 -- 7.2.2 Primary Synchronization Signal 127 -- 7.2.3 Secondary Synchronization Signal 128 -- 7.3 Downlink Reference Signals 128 -- 7.4 Physical Broadcast Channel 129 -- 7.5 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel 130 -- 7.6 System Information 131 -- 7.6.1 Organization of the System Information 131 -- 7.6.2 Transmission and Reception of the System Information 133 -- 7.7 Procedures after Acquisition 133 -- References 134 -- 8 Data Transmission and Reception 135 -- 8.1 Data Transmission Procedures 135 -- 8.1.1 Downlink Transmission and Reception 135 -- 8.1.2 Uplink Transmission and Reception 137 -- 8.1.3 Semi Persistent Scheduling 139. 8.2 Transmission of Scheduling Messages on the PDCCH 139 -- 8.2.1 Downlink Control Information 139 -- 8.2.2 Resource Allocation 140 -- 8.2.3 Example: DCI Format 1 141 -- 8.2.4 Radio Network Temporary Identifiers 142 -- 8.2.5 Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH 143 -- 8.3 Data Transmission on the PDSCH and PUSCH 144 -- 8.3.1 Transport Channel Processing 144 -- 8.3.2 Physical Channel Processing 146 -- 8.4 Transmission of Hybrid ARQ Indicators on the PHICH 148 -- 8.4.1 Introduction 148 -- 8.4.2 Resource Element Mapping of the PHICH 148 -- 8.4.3 Physical Channel Processing of the PHICH 149 -- 8.5 Uplink Control Information 149 -- 8.5.1 Hybrid ARQ Acknowledgements 149 -- 8.5.2 Channel Quality Indicator 150 -- 8.5.3 Rank Indication 151 -- 8.5.4 Precoding Matrix Indicator 151 -- 8.5.5 Channel State Reporting Mechanisms 151 -- 8.5.6 Scheduling Requests 152 -- 8.6 Transmission of Uplink Control Information on the PUCCH 153 -- 8.6.1 PUCCH Formats 153 -- 8.6.2 PUCCH Resources 154 -- 8.6.3 Physical Channel Processing of the PUCCH 155 -- 8.7 Uplink Reference Signals 155 -- 8.7.1 Demodulation Reference Signal 155 -- 8.7.2 Sounding Reference Signal 156 -- 8.8 Power Control 157 -- 8.8.1 Uplink Power Calculation 157 -- 8.8.2 Uplink Power Control Commands 158 -- 8.8.3 Downlink Power Control 159 -- 8.9 Discontinuous Reception 159 -- 8.9.1 Discontinuous Reception and Paging in RRC_IDLE 159 -- 8.9.2 Discontinuous Reception in RRC_CONNECTED 159 -- References 161 -- 9 Random Access 163 -- 9.1 Transmission of Random Access Preambles on the PRACH 163 -- 9.1.1 Resource Element Mapping 163 -- 9.1.2 Preamble Sequence Generation 165 -- 9.1.3 Signal Transmission 165 -- 9.2 Non-Contention-Based Procedure 166 -- 9.3 Contention-Based Procedure 167 -- References 169 -- 10 Air Interface Layer 2 171 -- 10.1 Medium Access Control Protocol 171 -- 10.1.1 Protocol Architecture 171 -- 10.1.2 Timing Advance Commands 173 -- 10.1.3 Buffer Status Reporting 173 -- 10.1.4 Power Headroom Reporting 173 -- 10.1.5 Multiplexing and De-multiplexing 174. 10.1.6 Logical Channel Prioritization 174 -- 10.1.7 Scheduling of Transmissions on the Air Interface 175 -- 10.2 Radio Link Control Protocol 176 -- 10.2.1 Protocol Architecture 176 -- 10.2.2 Transparent Mode 177 -- 10.2.3 Unacknowledged Mode 177 -- 10.2.4 Acknowledged Mode 178 -- 10.3 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 180 -- 10.3.1 Protocol Architecture 180 -- 10.3.2 Header Compression 180 -- 10.3.3 Prevention of Packet Loss during Handover 182 -- References 183 -- 11 Power-On and Power-Off Procedures 185 -- 11.1 Power-On Sequence 185 -- 11.2 Network and Cell Selection 187 -- 11.2.1 Network Selection 187 -- 11.2.2 Closed Subscriber Group Selection 187 -- 11.2.3 Cell Selection 188 -- 11.3 RRC Connection Establishment 189 -- 11.3.1 Basic Procedure 189 -- 11.3.2 Relationship with Other Procedures 190 -- 11.4 Attach Procedure 191 -- 11.4.1 IP Address Allocation 191 -- 11.4.2 Overview of the Attach Procedure 192 -- 11.4.3 Attach Request 192 -- 11.4.4 Identification and Security Procedures 194 -- 11.4.5 Location Update 195 -- 11.4.6 Default Bearer Creation 196 -- 11.4.7 Attach Accept 197 -- 11.4.8 Default Bearer Update 198 -- 11.5 Detach Procedure 199 -- References 200 -- 12 Security Procedures 203 -- 12.1 Network Access Security 203 -- 12.1.1 Security Architecture 203 -- 12.1.2 Key Hierarchy 204 -- 12.1.3 Authentication and Key Agreement 205 -- 12.1.4 Security Activation 207 -- 12.1.5 Ciphering 208 -- 12.1.6 Integrity Protection 209 -- 12.2 Network Domain Security 210 -- 12.2.1 Security Protocols 210 -- 12.2.2 Security in the Evolved Packet Core 210 -- 12.2.3 Security in the Radio Access Network 211 -- References 212 -- 13 Quality of Service, Policy and Charging 215 -- 13.1 Policy and Charging Control 215 -- 13.1.1 Quality of Service Parameters 215 -- 13.1.2 Service Data Flows 217 -- 13.1.3 Charging Parameters 218 -- 13.1.4 Policy and Charging Control Rules 219 -- 13.2 Policy and Charging Control Architecture 219 -- 13.2.1 Basic PCC Architecture 219 -- 13.2.2 Local Breakout Architecture 220. 13.2.3 Architecture Using a PMIP Based S5/S8 220 -- 13.2.4 Software Protocols 221 -- 13.3 Session Management Procedures 222 -- 13.3.1 IP-CAN Session Establishment 222 -- 13.3.2 Mobile Originated SDF Establishment 223 -- 13.3.3 Server Originated SDF Establishment 224 -- 13.3.4 Dedicated Bearer Establishment 225 -- 13.3.5 PDN Connectivity Establishment 226 -- 13.3.6 Other Session Management Procedures 228 -- 13.4 Data Transport in the Evolved Packet Core 228 -- 13.4.1 Packet Handling at the PDN Gateway 228 -- 13.4.2 Data Transport Using GTP 229 -- 13.4.3 Differentiated Services 230 -- 13.4.4 Multiprotocol Label Switching 231 -- 13.4.5 Data Transport Using GRE and PMIP 231 -- 13.5 Charging and Billing 231 -- 13.5.1 High Level Architecture 231 -- 13.5.2 Offline Charging 232 -- 13.5.3 Online Charging 233 -- References 234 -- 14 Mobility Management 237 -- 14.1 Transitions between Mobility Management States 237 -- 14.1.1 S1 Release Procedure 237 -- 14.1.2 Paging Procedure 239 -- 14.1.3 Service Request Procedure 239 -- 14.2 Cell Reselection in RRC_IDLE 241 -- 14.2.1 Objectives 241 -- 14.2.2 Measurement Triggering on the Same LTE Frequency 241 -- 14.2.3 Cell Reselection to the Same LTE Frequency 242 -- 14.2.4 Measurement Triggering on a Different LTE Frequency 243 -- 14.2.5 Cell Reselection to a Different LTE Frequency 244 -- 14.2.6 Fast Moving Mobiles 244 -- 14.2.7 Tracking Area Update Procedure 245 -- 14.2.8 Network Reselection 246 -- 14.3 Measurements in RRC_CONNECTED 247 -- 14.3.1 Objectives 247 -- 14.3.2 Measurement Procedure 247 -- 14.3.3 Measurement Reporting 248 -- 14.3.4 Measurement Gaps 249 -- 14.4 Handover in RRC_CONNECTED 250 -- 14.4.1 X2 Based Handover Procedure 250 -- 14.4.2 Handover Variations 252 -- References 253 -- 15 Inter-operation with UMTS and GSM 255 -- 15.1 System Architecture 255 -- 15.1.1 Architecture of the 2G/3G Packet Switched Domain 255 -- 15.1.2 S3/S4-Based Inter-operation Architecture 257 -- 15.1.3 Gn/Gp-Based Inter-operation Architecture 258. 15.2 Power-On Procedures 259 -- 15.3 Mobility Management in RRC_IDLE 259 -- 15.3.1 Cell Reselection 259 -- 15.3.2 Routing Area Update Procedure 260 -- 15.3.3 Idle Mode Signalling Reduction 262 -- 15.4 Mobility Management in RRC_CONNECTED 262 -- 15.4.1 RRC Connection Release with Redirection 262 -- 15.4.2 Measurement Procedures 264 -- 15.4.3 Optimized Handover 265 -- References 268 -- 16 Inter-operation with Non-3GPP Technologies 271 -- 16.1 Generic System Architecture 271 -- 16.1.1 Network-Based Mobility Architecture 271 -- 16.1.2 Host-Based Mobility Architecture 273 -- 16.1.3 Access Network Discovery and Selection Function 274 -- 16.2 Generic Signalling Procedures 275 -- 16.2.1 Overview of the Attach Procedure 275 -- 16.2.2 Authentication and Key Agreement 276 -- 16.2.3 PDN Connectivity Establishment 278 -- 16.2.4 Radio Access Network Reselection 280 -- 16.3 Inter-Operation with cdma2000 HRPD 280 -- 16.3.1 System Architecture 280 -- 16.3.2 Preregistration with cdma2000 281 -- 16.3.3 Cell Reselection in RRC_IDLE 282 -- 16.3.4 Measurements and Handover in RRC_CONNECTED 283 -- References 286 -- 17 Self-Optimizing Networks 289 -- 17.1 Self-Configuration of an eNB 289 -- 17.1.1 Automatic Configuration of the Physical Cell Identity 289 -- 17.1.2 Automatic Neighbour Relations 290 -- 17.1.3 Random Access Channel Optimization 291 -- 17.2 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 292 -- 17.3 Mobility Management 292 -- 17.3.1 Mobility Load Balancing 292 -- 17.3.2 Mobility Robustness Optimization 293 -- 17.3.3 Energy Saving 295 -- 17.4 Radio Access Network Information Management 295 -- 17.4.1 Introduction 295 -- 17.4.2 Transfer of System Information 296 -- 17.4.3 Transfer of Self-Optimization Data 297 -- 17.5 Drive Test Minimization 297 -- References 298 -- 18 Enhancements in Release 9 301 -- 18.1 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service 301 -- 18.1.1 Introduction 301 -- 18.1.2 Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network 302 -- 18.1.3 Implementation of MBSFN in LTE 302 -- 18.1.4 Architecture of MBMS 304. 18.1.5 Operation of MBMS 305 -- 18.2 Location Services 306 -- 18.2.1 Introduction 306 -- 18.2.2 Positioning Techniques 306 -- 18.2.3 Location Service Architecture 307 -- 18.2.4 Location Service Procedures 308 -- 18.3 Other Enhancements in Release 9 309 -- 18.3.1 Dual Layer Beamforming 309 -- 18.3.2 Commercial Mobile Alert System 310 -- References 310 -- 19 LTE-Advanced and Release 10 313 -- 19.1 Carrier Aggregation 313 -- 19.1.1 Principles of Operation 313 -- 19.1.2 UE Capabilities 314 -- 19.1.3 Scheduling 316 -- 19.1.4 Data Transmission and Reception 316 -- 19.1.5 Uplink and Downlink Feedback 317 -- 19.1.6 Other Physical Layer and MAC Procedures 317 -- 19.1.7 RRC Procedures 317 -- 19.2 Enhanced Downlink MIMO 318 -- 19.2.1 Objectives 318 -- 19.2.2 Downlink Reference Signals 318 -- 19.2.3 Downlink Transmission and Feedback 320 -- 19.3 Enhanced Uplink MIMO 321 -- 19.3.1 Objectives 321 -- 19.3.2 Implementation 321 -- 19.4 Relays 322 -- 19.4.1 Principles of Operation 322 -- 19.4.2 Relaying Architecture 323 -- 19.4.3 Enhancements to the Air Interface 324 -- 19.5 Heterogeneous Networks 324 -- 19.5.1 Introduction 324 -- 19.5.2 Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 325 -- 19.5.3 Enhancements to Self-Optimizing Networks 326 -- 19.6 Traffic Offload Techniques 326 -- 19.6.1 Local IP Access 326 -- 19.6.2 Selective IP Traffic Offload 327 -- 19.6.3 Multi-Access PDN Connectivity 327 -- 19.6.4 IP Flow Mobility 329 -- 19.7 Overload Control for Machine-Type Communications 330 -- References 331 -- 20 Releases 11 and 12 333 -- 20.1 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception 333 -- 20.1.1 Objectives 333 -- 20.1.2 Scenarios 334 -- 20.1.3 CoMP Techniques 335 -- 20.1.4 Standardization 336 -- 20.1.5 Performance 337 -- 20.2 Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel 337 -- 20.3 Interference Avoidance for in Device Coexistence 338 -- 20.4 Machine-Type Communications 339 -- 20.4.1 Device Triggering 339 -- 20.4.2 Numbering, Addressing and Identification 340 -- 20.5 Mobile Data Applications 340. 20.6 New Features in Release 12 341 -- 20.6.1 Proximity Services and Device to Device Communications 341 -- 20.6.2 Dynamic Adaptation of the TDD Configuration 342 -- 20.6.3 Enhancements for Machine-Type Communications and Mobile Data 344 -- 20.6.4 Traffic Offloading Enhancements 344 -- 20.7 Release 12 Studies 345 -- 20.7.1 Enhancements to Small Cells and Heterogeneous Networks 345 -- 20.7.2 Elevation Beamforming and Full Dimension MIMO 346 -- References 346 -- 21 Circuit Switched Fallback 349 -- 21.1 Delivery of Voice and Text Messages over LTE 349 -- 21.1.1 The Market for Voice and SMS 349 -- 21.1.2 Third Party Voice over IP 350 -- 21.1.3 The IP Multimedia Subsystem 351 -- 21.1.4 VoLGA 351 -- 21.1.5 Dual Radio Devices 352 -- 21.1.6 Circuit Switched Fallback 353 -- 21.2 System Architecture 353 -- 21.2.1 Architecture of the 2G/3G Circuit Switched Domain 353 -- 21.2.2 Circuit Switched Fallback Architecture 354 -- 21.3 Attach Procedure 355 -- 21.3.1 Combined EPS/IMSI Attach Procedure 355 -- 21.3.2 Voice Domain Preference and UE Usage Setting 356 -- 21.4 Mobility Management 357 -- 21.4.1 Combined Tracking Area/Location Area Update Procedure 357 -- 21.4.2 Alignment of Tracking Areas and Location Areas 357 -- 21.4.3 Cell Reselection to UMTS or GSM 358 -- 21.5 Call Setup 359 -- 21.5.1 Mobile-Originated Call Setup using RRC Connection Release 359 -- 21.5.2 Mobile Originated Call Setup using Handover 361 -- 21.5.3 Signalling Messages in the Circuit Switched Domain 362 -- 21.5.4 Mobile-Terminated Call Setup 363 -- 21.5.5 Returning to LTE 364 -- 21.6 SMS over SGs 365 -- 21.6.1 System Architecture 365 -- 21.6.2 SMS Delivery 365 -- 21.7 Circuit Switched Fallback to cdma2000 1xRTT 366 -- 21.8 Performance of Circuit Switched Fallback 367 -- References 368 -- 22 VoLTE and the IP Multimedia Subsystem 371 -- 22.1 Introduction 371 -- 22.1.1 The IP Multimedia Subsystem 371 -- 22.1.2 VoLTE 372 -- 22.1.3 Rich Communication Services 372 -- 22.2 Hardware Architecture of the IMS 373 -- 22.2.1 High-Level Architecture 373. 22.2.2 Call Session Control Functions 374 -- 22.2.3 Application Servers 375 -- 22.2.4 Home Subscriber Server 375 -- 22.2.5 User Equipment 375 -- 22.2.6 Relationship with LTE 376 -- 22.2.7 Border Control Functions 377 -- 22.2.8 Media Gateway Functions 378 -- 22.2.9 Multimedia Resource Functions 379 -- 22.2.10 Security Architecture 380 -- 22.2.11 Charging Architecture 380 -- 22.3 Signalling Protocols 381 -- 22.3.1 Session Initiation Protocol 381 -- 22.3.2 Session Description Protocol 382 -- 22.3.3 Other Signalling Protocols 382 -- 22.4 Service Provision in the IMS 382 -- 22.4.1 Service Profiles 382 -- 22.4.2 Media Feature Tags 383 -- 22.4.3 The Multimedia Telephony Service for IMS 383 -- 22.5 VoLTE Registration Procedure 384 -- 22.5.1 Introduction 384 -- 22.5.2 LTE Procedures 384 -- 22.5.3 Contents of the REGISTER Request 385 -- 22.5.4 IMS Registration Procedure 387 -- 22.5.5 Routing of SIP Requests and Responses 388 -- 22.5.6 Third-Party Registration with Application Servers 389 -- 22.5.7 Subscription for Network-Initiated Deregistration 389 -- 22.6 Call Setup and Release 390 -- 22.6.1 Contents of the INVITE Request 390 -- 22.6.2 Initial INVITE Request and Response 391 -- 22.6.3 Acceptance of the Initial INVITE 393 -- 22.6.4 Establishment of a Call to a Circuit Switched Network 396 -- 22.6.5 Call Release 396 -- 22.7 Access Domain Selection 397 -- 22.7.1 Mobile-Originated Calls 397 -- 22.7.2 Mobile-Terminated Calls 398 -- 22.8 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity 398 -- 22.8.1 Introduction 398 -- 22.8.2 SRVCC Architecture 399 -- 22.8.3 Attach, Registration and Call Setup Procedures 400 -- 22.8.4 Handover Preparation 400 -- 22.8.5 Updating the Remote Leg 401 -- 22.8.6 Releasing the Source Leg 403 -- 22.8.7 Handover Execution and Completion 403 -- 22.8.8 Evolution of SRVCC 404 -- 22.9 IMS Centralized Services 405 -- 22.10 IMS Emergency Calls 406 -- 22.10.1 Emergency Call Architecture 406 -- 22.10.2 Emergency Call Setup Procedure 407 -- 22.11 Delivery of SMS Messages over the IMS 408. 22.11.1 SMS Architecture 408 -- 22.11.2 Access Domain Selection 409 -- References 410 -- 23 Performance of LTE and LTE-Advanced 413 -- 23.1 Peak Data Rates of LTE and LTE-Advanced 413 -- 23.1.1 Increase of the Peak Data Rate 413 -- 23.1.2 Limitations on the Peak Data Rate 415 -- 23.2 Coverage of an LTE Cell 416 -- 23.2.1 Uplink Link Budget 416 -- 23.2.2 Downlink Link Budget 418 -- 23.2.3 Propagation Modelling 419 -- 23.2.4 Coverage Estimation 420 -- 23.3 Capacity of an LTE Cell 421 -- 23.3.1 Capacity Estimation 421 -- 23.3.2 Cell Capacity Simulations 422 -- 23.4 Performance of Voice over IP 424 -- 23.4.1 AMR Codec Modes 424 -- 23.4.2 Transmission of AMR Frames on the Air Interface 425 -- 23.4.3 Transmission of AMR Frames in the Fixed Network 426 -- References 427 -- Bibliography 429 -- Index 431.
Restricted to subscribers or individual electronic text purchasers.
Mode of access: World Wide Web
9781118818046
10.1002/9781118818046 doi
Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications)
Mobile communication systems--Standards.
Electronic books.
TK5103.48325 / .C693 2014eb
621.3845/6
An introduction to LTE LTE, LTE-advanced, SAE, VoLTE and 4G mobile communications / Christopher Cox, Director, Chris Cox Communications Ltd, UK. - 1 PDF (xxxvi, 449 pages) : illustrations.
Includes index.
Preface xxi -- Acknowledgements xxiii -- List of Abbreviations xxv -- 1 Introduction 1 -- 1.1 Architectural Review of UMTS and GSM 1 -- 1.1.1 High-Level Architecture 1 -- 1.1.2 Architecture of the Radio Access Network 2 -- 1.1.3 Architecture of the Core Network 4 -- 1.1.4 Communication Protocols 5 -- 1.2 History of Mobile Telecommunication Systems 6 -- 1.2.1 From 1G to 3G 6 -- 1.2.2 Third Generation Systems 7 -- 1.3 The Need for LTE 8 -- 1.3.1 The Growth of Mobile Data 8 -- 1.3.2 Capacity of a Mobile Telecommunication System 9 -- 1.3.3 Increasing the System Capacity 10 -- 1.3.4 Additional Motivations 11 -- 1.4 From UMTS to LTE 11 -- 1.4.1 High-Level Architecture of LTE 11 -- 1.4.2 Long-Term Evolution 12 -- 1.4.3 System Architecture Evolution 13 -- 1.4.4 LTE Voice Calls 14 -- 1.4.5 The Growth of LTE 15 -- 1.5 From LTE to LTE-Advanced 16 -- 1.5.1 The ITU Requirements for 4G 16 -- 1.5.2 Requirements of LTE-Advanced 16 -- 1.5.3 4G Communication Systems 16 -- 1.5.4 The Meaning of 4G 17 -- 1.6 The 3GPP Specifications for LTE 17 -- References 19 -- 2 System Architecture Evolution 21 -- 2.1 High-Level Architecture of LTE 21 -- 2.2 User Equipment 21 -- 2.2.1 Architecture of the UE 21 -- 2.2.2 UE Capabilities 22 -- 2.3 Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network 23 -- 2.3.1 Architecture of the E-UTRAN 23 -- 2.3.2 Transport Network 24 -- 2.3.3 Small Cells and the Home eNB 25 -- 2.4 Evolved Packet Core 25 -- 2.4.1 Architecture of the EPC 25 -- 2.4.2 Roaming Architecture 27 -- 2.4.3 Network Areas 28 -- 2.4.4 Numbering, Addressing and Identification 28 -- 2.5 Communication Protocols 30 -- 2.5.1 Protocol Model 30 -- 2.5.2 Air Interface Transport Protocols 31 -- 2.5.3 Fixed Network Transport Protocols 31 -- 2.5.4 User Plane Protocols 32 -- 2.5.5 Signalling Protocols 33 -- 2.6 Example Signalling Flows 34 -- 2.6.1 Access Stratum Signalling 34 -- 2.6.2 Non-Access Stratum Signalling 35 -- 2.7 Bearer Management 36 -- 2.7.1 The EPS Bearer 36 -- 2.7.2 Default and Dedicated Bearers 37. 2.7.3 Bearer Implementation Using GTP 38 -- 2.7.4 Bearer Implementation Using GRE and PMIP 39 -- 2.7.5 Signalling Radio Bearers 39 -- 2.8 State Diagrams 40 -- 2.8.1 EPS Mobility Management 40 -- 2.8.2 EPS Connection Management 40 -- 2.8.3 Radio Resource Control 41 -- 2.9 Spectrum Allocation 43 -- References 45 -- 3 Digital Wireless Communications 49 -- 3.1 Radio Transmission and Reception 49 -- 3.1.1 Carrier Signal 49 -- 3.1.2 Modulation Techniques 50 -- 3.1.3 The Modulation Process 51 -- 3.1.4 The Demodulation Process 53 -- 3.1.5 Channel Estimation 55 -- 3.1.6 Bandwidth of the Modulated Signal 55 -- 3.2 Radio Transmission in a Mobile Cellular Network 56 -- 3.2.1 Multiple Access Techniques 56 -- 3.2.2 FDD and TDD Modes 56 -- 3.3 Impairments to the Received Signal 58 -- 3.3.1 Propagation Loss 58 -- 3.3.2 Noise and Interference 58 -- 3.3.3 Multipath and Fading 58 -- 3.3.4 Inter-symbol Interference 60 -- 3.4 Error Management 61 -- 3.4.1 Forward Error Correction 61 -- 3.4.2 Automatic Repeat Request 62 -- 3.4.3 Hybrid ARQ 63 -- References 65 -- 4 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 67 -- 4.1 Principles of OFDMA 67 -- 4.1.1 Sub-carriers 67 -- 4.1.2 The OFDM Transmitter 68 -- 4.1.3 The OFDM Receiver 70 -- 4.1.4 The Fast Fourier Transform 72 -- 4.1.5 Block Diagram of OFDMA 72 -- 4.1.6 Details of the Fourier Transform 73 -- 4.2 Benefits and Additional Features of OFDMA 75 -- 4.2.1 Orthogonal Sub-carriers 75 -- 4.2.2 Choice of Sub-carrier Spacing 75 -- 4.2.3 Frequency-Specific Scheduling 77 -- 4.2.4 Reduction of Inter-symbol Interference 78 -- 4.2.5 Cyclic Prefix Insertion 79 -- 4.2.6 Choice of Symbol Duration 80 -- 4.2.7 Fractional Frequency Re-use 81 -- 4.3 Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access 82 -- 4.3.1 Power Variations From OFDMA 82 -- 4.3.2 Block Diagram of SC-FDMA 83 -- References 85 -- 5 Multiple Antenna Techniques 87 -- 5.1 Diversity Processing 87 -- 5.1.1 Receive Diversity 87 -- 5.1.2 Closed Loop Transmit Diversity 88 -- 5.1.3 Open Loop Transmit Diversity 89. 5.2 Spatial Multiplexing 90 -- 5.2.1 Principles of Operation 90 -- 5.2.2 Open Loop Spatial Multiplexing 92 -- 5.2.3 Closed Loop Spatial Multiplexing 94 -- 5.2.4 Matrix Representation 96 -- 5.2.5 Implementation Issues 99 -- 5.2.6 Multiple User MIMO 99 -- 5.3 Beamforming 101 -- 5.3.1 Principles of Operation 101 -- 5.3.2 Beam Steering 102 -- 5.3.3 Downlink Multiple User MIMO Revisited 103 -- References 104 -- 6 Architecture of the LTE Air Interface 105 -- 6.1 Air Interface Protocol Stack 105 -- 6.2 Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 107 -- 6.2.1 Logical Channels 107 -- 6.2.2 Transport Channels 107 -- 6.2.3 Physical Data Channels 108 -- 6.2.4 Control Information 109 -- 6.2.5 Physical Control Channels 110 -- 6.2.6 Physical Signals 111 -- 6.2.7 Information Flows 111 -- 6.3 The Resource Grid 111 -- 6.3.1 Slot Structure 111 -- 6.3.2 Frame Structure 113 -- 6.3.3 Uplink Timing Advance 115 -- 6.3.4 Resource Grid Structure 116 -- 6.3.5 Bandwidth Options 117 -- 6.4 Multiple Antenna Transmission 118 -- 6.4.1 Downlink Antenna Ports 118 -- 6.4.2 Downlink Transmission Modes 119 -- 6.5 Resource Element Mapping 119 -- 6.5.1 Downlink Resource Element Mapping 119 -- 6.5.2 Uplink Resource Element Mapping 121 -- References 123 -- 7 Cell Acquisition 125 -- 7.1 Acquisition Procedure 125 -- 7.2 Synchronization Signals 126 -- 7.2.1 Physical Cell Identity 126 -- 7.2.2 Primary Synchronization Signal 127 -- 7.2.3 Secondary Synchronization Signal 128 -- 7.3 Downlink Reference Signals 128 -- 7.4 Physical Broadcast Channel 129 -- 7.5 Physical Control Format Indicator Channel 130 -- 7.6 System Information 131 -- 7.6.1 Organization of the System Information 131 -- 7.6.2 Transmission and Reception of the System Information 133 -- 7.7 Procedures after Acquisition 133 -- References 134 -- 8 Data Transmission and Reception 135 -- 8.1 Data Transmission Procedures 135 -- 8.1.1 Downlink Transmission and Reception 135 -- 8.1.2 Uplink Transmission and Reception 137 -- 8.1.3 Semi Persistent Scheduling 139. 8.2 Transmission of Scheduling Messages on the PDCCH 139 -- 8.2.1 Downlink Control Information 139 -- 8.2.2 Resource Allocation 140 -- 8.2.3 Example: DCI Format 1 141 -- 8.2.4 Radio Network Temporary Identifiers 142 -- 8.2.5 Transmission and Reception of the PDCCH 143 -- 8.3 Data Transmission on the PDSCH and PUSCH 144 -- 8.3.1 Transport Channel Processing 144 -- 8.3.2 Physical Channel Processing 146 -- 8.4 Transmission of Hybrid ARQ Indicators on the PHICH 148 -- 8.4.1 Introduction 148 -- 8.4.2 Resource Element Mapping of the PHICH 148 -- 8.4.3 Physical Channel Processing of the PHICH 149 -- 8.5 Uplink Control Information 149 -- 8.5.1 Hybrid ARQ Acknowledgements 149 -- 8.5.2 Channel Quality Indicator 150 -- 8.5.3 Rank Indication 151 -- 8.5.4 Precoding Matrix Indicator 151 -- 8.5.5 Channel State Reporting Mechanisms 151 -- 8.5.6 Scheduling Requests 152 -- 8.6 Transmission of Uplink Control Information on the PUCCH 153 -- 8.6.1 PUCCH Formats 153 -- 8.6.2 PUCCH Resources 154 -- 8.6.3 Physical Channel Processing of the PUCCH 155 -- 8.7 Uplink Reference Signals 155 -- 8.7.1 Demodulation Reference Signal 155 -- 8.7.2 Sounding Reference Signal 156 -- 8.8 Power Control 157 -- 8.8.1 Uplink Power Calculation 157 -- 8.8.2 Uplink Power Control Commands 158 -- 8.8.3 Downlink Power Control 159 -- 8.9 Discontinuous Reception 159 -- 8.9.1 Discontinuous Reception and Paging in RRC_IDLE 159 -- 8.9.2 Discontinuous Reception in RRC_CONNECTED 159 -- References 161 -- 9 Random Access 163 -- 9.1 Transmission of Random Access Preambles on the PRACH 163 -- 9.1.1 Resource Element Mapping 163 -- 9.1.2 Preamble Sequence Generation 165 -- 9.1.3 Signal Transmission 165 -- 9.2 Non-Contention-Based Procedure 166 -- 9.3 Contention-Based Procedure 167 -- References 169 -- 10 Air Interface Layer 2 171 -- 10.1 Medium Access Control Protocol 171 -- 10.1.1 Protocol Architecture 171 -- 10.1.2 Timing Advance Commands 173 -- 10.1.3 Buffer Status Reporting 173 -- 10.1.4 Power Headroom Reporting 173 -- 10.1.5 Multiplexing and De-multiplexing 174. 10.1.6 Logical Channel Prioritization 174 -- 10.1.7 Scheduling of Transmissions on the Air Interface 175 -- 10.2 Radio Link Control Protocol 176 -- 10.2.1 Protocol Architecture 176 -- 10.2.2 Transparent Mode 177 -- 10.2.3 Unacknowledged Mode 177 -- 10.2.4 Acknowledged Mode 178 -- 10.3 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 180 -- 10.3.1 Protocol Architecture 180 -- 10.3.2 Header Compression 180 -- 10.3.3 Prevention of Packet Loss during Handover 182 -- References 183 -- 11 Power-On and Power-Off Procedures 185 -- 11.1 Power-On Sequence 185 -- 11.2 Network and Cell Selection 187 -- 11.2.1 Network Selection 187 -- 11.2.2 Closed Subscriber Group Selection 187 -- 11.2.3 Cell Selection 188 -- 11.3 RRC Connection Establishment 189 -- 11.3.1 Basic Procedure 189 -- 11.3.2 Relationship with Other Procedures 190 -- 11.4 Attach Procedure 191 -- 11.4.1 IP Address Allocation 191 -- 11.4.2 Overview of the Attach Procedure 192 -- 11.4.3 Attach Request 192 -- 11.4.4 Identification and Security Procedures 194 -- 11.4.5 Location Update 195 -- 11.4.6 Default Bearer Creation 196 -- 11.4.7 Attach Accept 197 -- 11.4.8 Default Bearer Update 198 -- 11.5 Detach Procedure 199 -- References 200 -- 12 Security Procedures 203 -- 12.1 Network Access Security 203 -- 12.1.1 Security Architecture 203 -- 12.1.2 Key Hierarchy 204 -- 12.1.3 Authentication and Key Agreement 205 -- 12.1.4 Security Activation 207 -- 12.1.5 Ciphering 208 -- 12.1.6 Integrity Protection 209 -- 12.2 Network Domain Security 210 -- 12.2.1 Security Protocols 210 -- 12.2.2 Security in the Evolved Packet Core 210 -- 12.2.3 Security in the Radio Access Network 211 -- References 212 -- 13 Quality of Service, Policy and Charging 215 -- 13.1 Policy and Charging Control 215 -- 13.1.1 Quality of Service Parameters 215 -- 13.1.2 Service Data Flows 217 -- 13.1.3 Charging Parameters 218 -- 13.1.4 Policy and Charging Control Rules 219 -- 13.2 Policy and Charging Control Architecture 219 -- 13.2.1 Basic PCC Architecture 219 -- 13.2.2 Local Breakout Architecture 220. 13.2.3 Architecture Using a PMIP Based S5/S8 220 -- 13.2.4 Software Protocols 221 -- 13.3 Session Management Procedures 222 -- 13.3.1 IP-CAN Session Establishment 222 -- 13.3.2 Mobile Originated SDF Establishment 223 -- 13.3.3 Server Originated SDF Establishment 224 -- 13.3.4 Dedicated Bearer Establishment 225 -- 13.3.5 PDN Connectivity Establishment 226 -- 13.3.6 Other Session Management Procedures 228 -- 13.4 Data Transport in the Evolved Packet Core 228 -- 13.4.1 Packet Handling at the PDN Gateway 228 -- 13.4.2 Data Transport Using GTP 229 -- 13.4.3 Differentiated Services 230 -- 13.4.4 Multiprotocol Label Switching 231 -- 13.4.5 Data Transport Using GRE and PMIP 231 -- 13.5 Charging and Billing 231 -- 13.5.1 High Level Architecture 231 -- 13.5.2 Offline Charging 232 -- 13.5.3 Online Charging 233 -- References 234 -- 14 Mobility Management 237 -- 14.1 Transitions between Mobility Management States 237 -- 14.1.1 S1 Release Procedure 237 -- 14.1.2 Paging Procedure 239 -- 14.1.3 Service Request Procedure 239 -- 14.2 Cell Reselection in RRC_IDLE 241 -- 14.2.1 Objectives 241 -- 14.2.2 Measurement Triggering on the Same LTE Frequency 241 -- 14.2.3 Cell Reselection to the Same LTE Frequency 242 -- 14.2.4 Measurement Triggering on a Different LTE Frequency 243 -- 14.2.5 Cell Reselection to a Different LTE Frequency 244 -- 14.2.6 Fast Moving Mobiles 244 -- 14.2.7 Tracking Area Update Procedure 245 -- 14.2.8 Network Reselection 246 -- 14.3 Measurements in RRC_CONNECTED 247 -- 14.3.1 Objectives 247 -- 14.3.2 Measurement Procedure 247 -- 14.3.3 Measurement Reporting 248 -- 14.3.4 Measurement Gaps 249 -- 14.4 Handover in RRC_CONNECTED 250 -- 14.4.1 X2 Based Handover Procedure 250 -- 14.4.2 Handover Variations 252 -- References 253 -- 15 Inter-operation with UMTS and GSM 255 -- 15.1 System Architecture 255 -- 15.1.1 Architecture of the 2G/3G Packet Switched Domain 255 -- 15.1.2 S3/S4-Based Inter-operation Architecture 257 -- 15.1.3 Gn/Gp-Based Inter-operation Architecture 258. 15.2 Power-On Procedures 259 -- 15.3 Mobility Management in RRC_IDLE 259 -- 15.3.1 Cell Reselection 259 -- 15.3.2 Routing Area Update Procedure 260 -- 15.3.3 Idle Mode Signalling Reduction 262 -- 15.4 Mobility Management in RRC_CONNECTED 262 -- 15.4.1 RRC Connection Release with Redirection 262 -- 15.4.2 Measurement Procedures 264 -- 15.4.3 Optimized Handover 265 -- References 268 -- 16 Inter-operation with Non-3GPP Technologies 271 -- 16.1 Generic System Architecture 271 -- 16.1.1 Network-Based Mobility Architecture 271 -- 16.1.2 Host-Based Mobility Architecture 273 -- 16.1.3 Access Network Discovery and Selection Function 274 -- 16.2 Generic Signalling Procedures 275 -- 16.2.1 Overview of the Attach Procedure 275 -- 16.2.2 Authentication and Key Agreement 276 -- 16.2.3 PDN Connectivity Establishment 278 -- 16.2.4 Radio Access Network Reselection 280 -- 16.3 Inter-Operation with cdma2000 HRPD 280 -- 16.3.1 System Architecture 280 -- 16.3.2 Preregistration with cdma2000 281 -- 16.3.3 Cell Reselection in RRC_IDLE 282 -- 16.3.4 Measurements and Handover in RRC_CONNECTED 283 -- References 286 -- 17 Self-Optimizing Networks 289 -- 17.1 Self-Configuration of an eNB 289 -- 17.1.1 Automatic Configuration of the Physical Cell Identity 289 -- 17.1.2 Automatic Neighbour Relations 290 -- 17.1.3 Random Access Channel Optimization 291 -- 17.2 Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 292 -- 17.3 Mobility Management 292 -- 17.3.1 Mobility Load Balancing 292 -- 17.3.2 Mobility Robustness Optimization 293 -- 17.3.3 Energy Saving 295 -- 17.4 Radio Access Network Information Management 295 -- 17.4.1 Introduction 295 -- 17.4.2 Transfer of System Information 296 -- 17.4.3 Transfer of Self-Optimization Data 297 -- 17.5 Drive Test Minimization 297 -- References 298 -- 18 Enhancements in Release 9 301 -- 18.1 Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast Service 301 -- 18.1.1 Introduction 301 -- 18.1.2 Multicast/Broadcast over a Single Frequency Network 302 -- 18.1.3 Implementation of MBSFN in LTE 302 -- 18.1.4 Architecture of MBMS 304. 18.1.5 Operation of MBMS 305 -- 18.2 Location Services 306 -- 18.2.1 Introduction 306 -- 18.2.2 Positioning Techniques 306 -- 18.2.3 Location Service Architecture 307 -- 18.2.4 Location Service Procedures 308 -- 18.3 Other Enhancements in Release 9 309 -- 18.3.1 Dual Layer Beamforming 309 -- 18.3.2 Commercial Mobile Alert System 310 -- References 310 -- 19 LTE-Advanced and Release 10 313 -- 19.1 Carrier Aggregation 313 -- 19.1.1 Principles of Operation 313 -- 19.1.2 UE Capabilities 314 -- 19.1.3 Scheduling 316 -- 19.1.4 Data Transmission and Reception 316 -- 19.1.5 Uplink and Downlink Feedback 317 -- 19.1.6 Other Physical Layer and MAC Procedures 317 -- 19.1.7 RRC Procedures 317 -- 19.2 Enhanced Downlink MIMO 318 -- 19.2.1 Objectives 318 -- 19.2.2 Downlink Reference Signals 318 -- 19.2.3 Downlink Transmission and Feedback 320 -- 19.3 Enhanced Uplink MIMO 321 -- 19.3.1 Objectives 321 -- 19.3.2 Implementation 321 -- 19.4 Relays 322 -- 19.4.1 Principles of Operation 322 -- 19.4.2 Relaying Architecture 323 -- 19.4.3 Enhancements to the Air Interface 324 -- 19.5 Heterogeneous Networks 324 -- 19.5.1 Introduction 324 -- 19.5.2 Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination 325 -- 19.5.3 Enhancements to Self-Optimizing Networks 326 -- 19.6 Traffic Offload Techniques 326 -- 19.6.1 Local IP Access 326 -- 19.6.2 Selective IP Traffic Offload 327 -- 19.6.3 Multi-Access PDN Connectivity 327 -- 19.6.4 IP Flow Mobility 329 -- 19.7 Overload Control for Machine-Type Communications 330 -- References 331 -- 20 Releases 11 and 12 333 -- 20.1 Coordinated Multipoint Transmission and Reception 333 -- 20.1.1 Objectives 333 -- 20.1.2 Scenarios 334 -- 20.1.3 CoMP Techniques 335 -- 20.1.4 Standardization 336 -- 20.1.5 Performance 337 -- 20.2 Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel 337 -- 20.3 Interference Avoidance for in Device Coexistence 338 -- 20.4 Machine-Type Communications 339 -- 20.4.1 Device Triggering 339 -- 20.4.2 Numbering, Addressing and Identification 340 -- 20.5 Mobile Data Applications 340. 20.6 New Features in Release 12 341 -- 20.6.1 Proximity Services and Device to Device Communications 341 -- 20.6.2 Dynamic Adaptation of the TDD Configuration 342 -- 20.6.3 Enhancements for Machine-Type Communications and Mobile Data 344 -- 20.6.4 Traffic Offloading Enhancements 344 -- 20.7 Release 12 Studies 345 -- 20.7.1 Enhancements to Small Cells and Heterogeneous Networks 345 -- 20.7.2 Elevation Beamforming and Full Dimension MIMO 346 -- References 346 -- 21 Circuit Switched Fallback 349 -- 21.1 Delivery of Voice and Text Messages over LTE 349 -- 21.1.1 The Market for Voice and SMS 349 -- 21.1.2 Third Party Voice over IP 350 -- 21.1.3 The IP Multimedia Subsystem 351 -- 21.1.4 VoLGA 351 -- 21.1.5 Dual Radio Devices 352 -- 21.1.6 Circuit Switched Fallback 353 -- 21.2 System Architecture 353 -- 21.2.1 Architecture of the 2G/3G Circuit Switched Domain 353 -- 21.2.2 Circuit Switched Fallback Architecture 354 -- 21.3 Attach Procedure 355 -- 21.3.1 Combined EPS/IMSI Attach Procedure 355 -- 21.3.2 Voice Domain Preference and UE Usage Setting 356 -- 21.4 Mobility Management 357 -- 21.4.1 Combined Tracking Area/Location Area Update Procedure 357 -- 21.4.2 Alignment of Tracking Areas and Location Areas 357 -- 21.4.3 Cell Reselection to UMTS or GSM 358 -- 21.5 Call Setup 359 -- 21.5.1 Mobile-Originated Call Setup using RRC Connection Release 359 -- 21.5.2 Mobile Originated Call Setup using Handover 361 -- 21.5.3 Signalling Messages in the Circuit Switched Domain 362 -- 21.5.4 Mobile-Terminated Call Setup 363 -- 21.5.5 Returning to LTE 364 -- 21.6 SMS over SGs 365 -- 21.6.1 System Architecture 365 -- 21.6.2 SMS Delivery 365 -- 21.7 Circuit Switched Fallback to cdma2000 1xRTT 366 -- 21.8 Performance of Circuit Switched Fallback 367 -- References 368 -- 22 VoLTE and the IP Multimedia Subsystem 371 -- 22.1 Introduction 371 -- 22.1.1 The IP Multimedia Subsystem 371 -- 22.1.2 VoLTE 372 -- 22.1.3 Rich Communication Services 372 -- 22.2 Hardware Architecture of the IMS 373 -- 22.2.1 High-Level Architecture 373. 22.2.2 Call Session Control Functions 374 -- 22.2.3 Application Servers 375 -- 22.2.4 Home Subscriber Server 375 -- 22.2.5 User Equipment 375 -- 22.2.6 Relationship with LTE 376 -- 22.2.7 Border Control Functions 377 -- 22.2.8 Media Gateway Functions 378 -- 22.2.9 Multimedia Resource Functions 379 -- 22.2.10 Security Architecture 380 -- 22.2.11 Charging Architecture 380 -- 22.3 Signalling Protocols 381 -- 22.3.1 Session Initiation Protocol 381 -- 22.3.2 Session Description Protocol 382 -- 22.3.3 Other Signalling Protocols 382 -- 22.4 Service Provision in the IMS 382 -- 22.4.1 Service Profiles 382 -- 22.4.2 Media Feature Tags 383 -- 22.4.3 The Multimedia Telephony Service for IMS 383 -- 22.5 VoLTE Registration Procedure 384 -- 22.5.1 Introduction 384 -- 22.5.2 LTE Procedures 384 -- 22.5.3 Contents of the REGISTER Request 385 -- 22.5.4 IMS Registration Procedure 387 -- 22.5.5 Routing of SIP Requests and Responses 388 -- 22.5.6 Third-Party Registration with Application Servers 389 -- 22.5.7 Subscription for Network-Initiated Deregistration 389 -- 22.6 Call Setup and Release 390 -- 22.6.1 Contents of the INVITE Request 390 -- 22.6.2 Initial INVITE Request and Response 391 -- 22.6.3 Acceptance of the Initial INVITE 393 -- 22.6.4 Establishment of a Call to a Circuit Switched Network 396 -- 22.6.5 Call Release 396 -- 22.7 Access Domain Selection 397 -- 22.7.1 Mobile-Originated Calls 397 -- 22.7.2 Mobile-Terminated Calls 398 -- 22.8 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity 398 -- 22.8.1 Introduction 398 -- 22.8.2 SRVCC Architecture 399 -- 22.8.3 Attach, Registration and Call Setup Procedures 400 -- 22.8.4 Handover Preparation 400 -- 22.8.5 Updating the Remote Leg 401 -- 22.8.6 Releasing the Source Leg 403 -- 22.8.7 Handover Execution and Completion 403 -- 22.8.8 Evolution of SRVCC 404 -- 22.9 IMS Centralized Services 405 -- 22.10 IMS Emergency Calls 406 -- 22.10.1 Emergency Call Architecture 406 -- 22.10.2 Emergency Call Setup Procedure 407 -- 22.11 Delivery of SMS Messages over the IMS 408. 22.11.1 SMS Architecture 408 -- 22.11.2 Access Domain Selection 409 -- References 410 -- 23 Performance of LTE and LTE-Advanced 413 -- 23.1 Peak Data Rates of LTE and LTE-Advanced 413 -- 23.1.1 Increase of the Peak Data Rate 413 -- 23.1.2 Limitations on the Peak Data Rate 415 -- 23.2 Coverage of an LTE Cell 416 -- 23.2.1 Uplink Link Budget 416 -- 23.2.2 Downlink Link Budget 418 -- 23.2.3 Propagation Modelling 419 -- 23.2.4 Coverage Estimation 420 -- 23.3 Capacity of an LTE Cell 421 -- 23.3.1 Capacity Estimation 421 -- 23.3.2 Cell Capacity Simulations 422 -- 23.4 Performance of Voice over IP 424 -- 23.4.1 AMR Codec Modes 424 -- 23.4.2 Transmission of AMR Frames on the Air Interface 425 -- 23.4.3 Transmission of AMR Frames in the Fixed Network 426 -- References 427 -- Bibliography 429 -- Index 431.
Restricted to subscribers or individual electronic text purchasers.
Mode of access: World Wide Web
9781118818046
10.1002/9781118818046 doi
Long-Term Evolution (Telecommunications)
Mobile communication systems--Standards.
Electronic books.
TK5103.48325 / .C693 2014eb
621.3845/6