chapter 1 Introduction -- of technology. However, a of metallic materials (and of other materials too!) is the deterio- -- chapter 2 Aqueous Corrosion: Fundamentals -- 2.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL NATURE OF AQUEOUS CORROSION of all corrosion pro- -- chapter =Ita -- of the metal, and 2.3.1 Exchange Current Density / F is the Faraday constant (96,500 coulombs/equivalent) n is the number of equivalents exchanged t is the time in seconds -- chapter 0.76 V -- of polarization, i.e., activation polarization and of a slow step in the electrode reaction for of the order of 0.1 V of the above equation, as applied to hydrogen evo- of 0.1 Vis shown in Fig. 2.12. It can be noted -- chapter If a -- metal exhibiting passivity, e.g., iron in l N H2so •• is anodically polarized of the curve shows an increase in potential in the positive -- chapter 't\ -- chapter 3 Aqueous Corrosion: Forms -- 3.1 CLASSIFICATION OF AQUEOUS CORROSION of metaJs and alloys takes place in a variety of environments -- chapter lnttrgranutar corrosion -- chapter (a).• -- Figure 3.20 (a) Step structure from electrolytic-oxalic acid etch test in solution-an- of sensitization. No such peak is observed for unsensitized 3.6.4 Other Alloys -- chapter (a) (b) -- of vacancies into the interior of the alloy, thereby aiding in diffu- -- chapter t----1 -- •• E-C Figure 3.29 Erosion corrosion of lead by 10% sulfuric acid flowing at 39 ft/s. Cross- 3.8.2 Metallurgical Factors -- chapter )t u Ktscc -- t: I I -- chapter g. , -- chapter i60 . .. -- chapter 3 10.1 Microbiological Corrosion -- of bacteria have been identified that aggravate corrosion of metals of air. They survive under a wide range of (0-50°C) and pH (3-10). The important microorganisms contribut- -- chapter 4 Aqueous Corrosion: Prevention -- of corrosion have been pre- of environment -- chapter MATERIAL SELECTION -- of materials for corrosion applications. The most of its of their excel- -- chapter t-- ·-·-- -- '\ -- chapter 5 Tarnishing and Scaling Processes -- of the reaction behavior can be achieved only / metal oxidation, tarnishing, and scaling are used -- chapter 5 2 THERMODYNAMIC ASPECTS OF METAL-SINGLE -- OXIDANT SYSTEMS of a metallic component exposed of affinity of the metal to oxidizing gases, which leads to its degradation of some compounds with the oxidant. For judging of Gibbs' free energy change for the total reac- of metal oxide (M0), whereas if is positive, of the oxidant, thereby leading of the oxide. But thermodynamics deals with the -- chapter = = = -- M/M0and M02/02 can estimated. of single / RT In P P values at -- chapter ~ ---.--- -- chapter 5 4.5 Rules for Writing Defect Reaction -- of defect formation reaction, it is essential to have mass of the law of mass action. Use of this law implies the of Boltzmann statistics, i.e., random distribution of defects are con- Null= of unit activity. Under the situation of 0 << 1, Henry's law is applicable. However, it is convenient to use concentration of number of defect per cubic meter of the crystal represented by exp( (5.8) exp( A{')exp( = = + + -- chapter = + 2 -- Oz(g) Zr(g) [0\ / ZrOz -- chapter 3 . . -- chapter C ,DD e. V i ( -- = [c;DD; -- chapter ao n -- of vacancy concentration at this interface is = Cexp of vacancies through the stressed oxide, the following stress-depen- _ D~ / --,;;r- -- chapter of 2nd edition, North Holland Pub- -- chapter 6 Alloy Oxidation -- of metallic components in a variety of industrial installations are of such -- chapter 6 2.1n-Type Oxide (ZnO) -- of such oxides involves excess cations at interstitial of the oxide lattice with excess electrons in its conduction band. As of interstitial zinc ions and excess -- chapter •• •• zn•• -- zn•• zn•• o= zn•• zn•• zn•• zn•• zn•• Zn·· zn•• zn•• zn•• cr••• zn•• cr••• zn•• zn•• zn•• o• zn•• zn•• u• zn•• o\ -- chapter o\ -- Ni•• cr••• cr··· -- chapter o.os z -- chapter Ah0reduces to only 5-6 wt %. -- Cr acts as an oxygen getter, inhibiting internal oxidation. 6.5 SCALING OF BINARY AND TERNARY ALLOYS of alloys involves the same general phenomena as described for of the following: -- chapter 100 90 -- chapter Typr 1: -- Type 02lg) -- chapter Table vmmvm · -- chapter • • • -- A.E.OXU DISPERSION -- chapter S0and gets dissolved in the molten salt as a cationic -- of the sulfate of NiO corresponding to of Na0 as 10- ·the solubility goes on increasing with the increase of / acid .fluxing. basic fluxing. Figure 6.30 pso) according to the reaction: -- chapter 7 2 Kinetics -- of all susceptible alloys and of reaction, possibly with the alloy being protected by a stable Cr0 -- chapter Initiation stagt factors -- rtoetion product -- chapter INITIATION STAGE -- Salt PROPAGATION STAGE -- chapter .. 0'-: -- chapter 1100 1- -- .,+= -- chapter \\CIJOJ -- Si0[2]. of diffusion due to their high concentrations of point defects. of oxygen point defects -- chapter Hixturt of powder and gas holdu -- Eltetrodes -- chapter 7 Liquid Metal Attack -- of solid metals by liquid metals may be manifested in the following of a solid metal under applied or residual stresses when -- chapter r -H g -, G a -, s n -, B i -, r -P b -, -- chapter 7 .2.2 Factors Influencing LME -- Effect of Grain Size of a metallic material nonnally bear a of grain diameter, which is known or fracture stress of fracture / ---'v-- -- chapter oo-• -- of testing, but failure in a brittle manner was observed when of magnitude. The effect of strain of Alloying -- chapter 8 Hydrogen Damage -- 8.1 INTRODUCTION of physical and mechanical properties of metals resulting from the action of hydrogen, which may be initially present -- chapter 8 3.4 Hydrogen Attack -- of damage that occurs in carbon and low-alloy steels of the alloy or formation of -- chapter 1 '\ -- chapter 8 4.4 Enhanced Plastic Flow Theory -- HSC produced fracture surfaces show- of shallow of plastic How associated with the propagation of fracture by making dis- or ftow stress due to dissolved hydrogen of crack tips, then embrittlement due to of the model [6], the adsorption of hydrogen has been of dislocations at the crack tip which, in tum, -- chapter 9 Radiation Damage -- of metals and alloys with energetic particles generates point defect of the materials and dimensional changes in the metallic components. Radiation -- chapter ____ -- ..... '\.

"This highly practical reference presents for the first time in a single volume all types of environmental degradation a metallic compound may undergo during its processing, storage, and service. Clarifying general and localized corrosion effects, Environmental Degradation of Metals describes the effects of atmospheric exposure, high-temperature gases, soil, water, weak and strong chemicals, liquid metals, and nuclear radiation. It determines whether corrosion can occur under a given set of conditions, shows how improvements in component design can reduce corrosion, and details the high- and low-temperature effects of oxidizing agents. The book also investigates the instantaneous and delayed failure of solid metal in contact with liquid metal, highlights the influence of hydrogen on metal, and profiles radiation effects on metal."--Provided by publisher.