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Handbook of large hydro generators : operation and maintenance / Glenn Mottershead, Stefano Bomben, Isidor Kerszenbaum, Geoff Klempner.

By: Mottershead, Glenn [author.].
Contributor(s): Bomben, Stefano [author.] | Kerszenbaum, Isidor [author.] | Klempner, Geoff [author.] | IEEE Xplore (Online Service) [distributor.] | Wiley [publisher.].
Material type: materialTypeLabelBookSeries: IEEE Press series on power engineering: Publisher: Piscataway, New Jersey : Hoboken, New Jersey : IEEE Press ; John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2021]Distributor: [Piscataqay, New Jersey] : IEEE Xplore, [2020]Description: 1 PDF (xvii, 647 pages) : illustrations (some color).Content type: text Media type: electronic Carrier type: online resourceISBN: 9781119524182.Uniform titles: Operation and maintenance of large turbo generators Subject(s): Turbogenerators | Turbogenerators -- Maintenance and repairGenre/Form: Electronic books.Additional physical formats: Print version:: Handbook of large hydro generatorsDDC classification: 621.31/3 Online resources: Abstract with links to resource Also available in print.
Contents:
1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 9 -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC NOTIONS ON ELECTRIC POWER 10 -- 1.1.1 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 10 -- 1.1.2 Electricity 12 -- 1.2 ELECTRICAL-MECHANICAL EQUIVALENCE 12 -- 1.3 ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) 13 -- 1.4 THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS 15 -- 1.5 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MACHINE OPERATION 15 -- 1.5.1 Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction 16 -- 1.5.2 Ampere-Biot-Savart's Law 16 -- 1.5.3 Lenz's Law of Action and Reaction 16 -- 1.5.4 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 17 -- 1.6 THE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE 17 -- 1.6.1 Background 17 -- 1.6.2 Principles of Construction 18 -- 1.6.3 Rotor Windings 19 -- 1.6.4 Stator Windings 19 -- 1.7 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE - BASIC OPERATION 20 -- 1.7.1 Magnetic Representation 20 -- 1.7.2 Generator Mode - Steady-State Using Vectors 21 -- 1.7.3 System Support - Reactive Power 22 -- 1.7.4 Motor Operation 22 -- 1.7.5 Equivalent Circuit 23 -- 1.7.6 Machine Losses 24 -- 2 GENERATOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 27 -- 2.1 STATOR CORE 28 -- 2.1.1 Laminations 28 -- 2.1.2 Lamination - Slot and Yoke Section 29 -- 2.1.3 Core Piling (stacking) and Clamping 30 -- 2.2 STATOR FRAME 33 -- 2.3 ELECTROMAGNETICS 35 -- 2.4 CORE-END HEATING 38 -- 2.5 FLUX AND ARMATURE REACTION 38 -- 2.6 STATOR CORE AND FRAME FORCES 40 -- 2.7 STATOR WINDINGS 41 -- 2.8 STATOR WINDING WEDGES 45 -- 2.9 ENDWINDING SUPPORT SYSTEMS 48 -- 2.10 STATOR WINDING CONFIGURATIONS 49 -- 2.11 STATOR TERMINAL CONNECTIONS 49 -- 2.12 ROTOR RIM 50 -- 2.13 ROTOR SPIDER/DRUM 56 -- 2.14 ROTOR POLE BODY 57 -- 2.15 ROTOR WINDING AND INSULATION 59 -- 2.16 AMORTISSEUR WINDING 61 -- 2.17 SLIP/COLLECTOR RINGS AND BRUSH GEAR 62 -- 2.18 COOLING Air 62 -- 2.19 ROTOR FANS/BLOWER 63 -- 2.20 ROTOR INERTIA, TORQUE, AND TORSIONAL STRESS 64 -- 2.21 THRUST AND GUIDE BEARINGS 66 -- 2.21.1 Introduction 66 -- 2.21.2 Important Concepts 67 -- 2.21.3 Thrust Bearings 68.
2.21.4 Thrust Bearing Pressure 70 -- 2.21.5 Guide Bearings 70 -- 2.21.6 Deterioration and Failure of the Bearing Surface 72 -- 3 GENERATOR AUXILIARY SYSTEMS 79 -- 3.1 OIL SYSTEMS 80 -- 3.2 STATOR SURFACE AIR COOLING SYSTEM 82 -- 3.2.1 Construction 82 -- 3.2.2 Function 83 -- 3.2.3 Replacement Surface Air Coolers 83 -- 3.2.4 Maintenance 84 -- 3.3 BEARING COOLING COILS AND WATER SUPPLY 84 -- 3.4 STATOR WINDING DIRECT COOLING WATER SYSTEM 85 -- 3.4.1 System Components and Functions 85 -- 3.5 EXCITATION SYSTEMS 87 -- 3.5.1 Types of Excitation Systems 87 -- 3.6 EXCITATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 88 -- 4 OPERATION AND CONTROL 91 -- 4.1 BASIC OPERATING PARAMETERS 92 -- 4.1.1 Machine Rating 93 -- 4.1.2 Apparent Power 93 -- 4.1.3 Power Factor 94 -- 4.1.4 Real Power 95 -- 4.1.5 Terminal Voltage 96 -- 4.1.6 Stator Current 96 -- 4.1.7 Field Voltage 96 -- 4.1.8 Field Current 96 -- 4.1.9 Speed 97 -- 4.1.10 Short-Circuit Ratio 97 -- 4.1.11 Volts per Hertz 97 -- 4.2 OPERATING MODES 99 -- 4.2.1 Shutdown 99 -- 4.2.2 Field Applied Offline (Open Circuit) 99 -- 4.2.3 Synchronized and Loaded (Online) 99 -- 4.2.4 Start-up Operation 99 -- 4.2.5 Online Operation 100 -- 4.2.6 Shutdown Operation 100 -- 4.3 MACHINE CURVES 100 -- 4.3.1 Open-Circuit Saturation Characteristic 100 -- 4.3.2 Short circuit Characteristic 101 -- 4.3.3 Capability Curves 101 -- 4.3.4 V-Curves 104 -- 4.4 SPECIAL OPERATING CONDITIONS 104 -- 4.4.1 Unexcited Operation ("Loss-of-Field" Condition) 104 -- 4.4.2 Negative Sequence Currents 105 -- 4.4.3 Load Cycling and Repetitive Starts 106 -- 4.4.4 Overloading 108 -- 4.4.5 Loss of Cooling 108 -- 4.4.6 Over Fluxing 109 -- 4.4.7 Runaway and Overspeed 109 -- 4.4.8 Loss of Lubricating Oil 109 -- 4.4.9 Out-of-Step Synchronization and "Near" Short Circuits 110 -- 4.4.10 Under and Over Frequency Operation (U/F and O/F) 110 -- 4.5 BASIC OPERATION CONCEPTS 110.
4.5.1 Steady-State Operation 110 -- 4.5.2 Equivalent Circuit and Vector Diagram 111 -- 4.5.3 Power Transfer Equation between the Generator and the Connected System 111 -- 4.5.4 Working with the Fundamental Circuit Equation 112 -- 4.5.5 Parallel Operation of Generators 114 -- 4.5.6 STABILITY 115 -- 4.5.7 Sudden Short Circuits 117 -- 4.5.8 SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS 118 -- 4.5.9 Voltage and Frequency Variation 119 -- 4.5.10 Negative Sequence Current 119 -- 4.5.11 Over Current 125 -- 4.5.12 Current Transients 126 -- 4.6 GRID-INDUCED TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS 126 -- 4.6.1 Determination of Shaft Torque and Shaft Torsional Stress 126 -- 4.6.2 Material Changes Due to Torsional Vibrations 126 -- 4.6.3 Types of Grid-Induced Events 127 -- 4.7 EXCITATION AND VOLTAGE REGULATION 128 -- 4.7.1 The Exciter 128 -- 4.7.2 Excitation control 129 -- 5 MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTICS 131 -- 5.1 GENERATOR MONITORING PHILOSOPHIES 132 -- 5.1.1 SIMPLE MONITORING WITH STATIC HIGH LEVEL ALARM LIMITS 133 -- 5.2 DYNAMIC MONITORING WITH LOAD VARYING ALARM LIMITS 134 -- 5.3 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS 137 -- 5.4 MONITORED PARAMETERS 139 -- 5.4.1 Generator Electrical Parameters 140 -- 5.4.2 Stator Core and Frame 144 -- 5.4.3 Stator Winding 147 -- 5.5 RADIO FREQUENCY MONITORING 156 -- 5.6 CAPACITIVE COUPLING 156 -- 5.7 STATOR SLOT COUPLER 158 -- 5.8 ROTOR 158 -- 5.9 EXCITATION SYSTEM 165 -- 6 GENERATOR PROTECTION 169 -- 6.1 BASIC PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY 170 -- 6.1.1 Generator Protection System 171 -- 6.2 IEEE Device Number 172 -- 6.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS 172 -- 6.3.1 Synchronizer and Sync-Check Relays (Functions 15 and 25) 173 -- 6.3.2 Stator Ground Protection (Functions 59G and 27TH) 173 -- 6.3.3 Phase Backup Protection (Functions 21 and 51VC) 174 -- 6.3.4 Volts/Hertz Protection (Function 24) 175 -- 6.3.5 Reverse/Forward Power Protection (Functions 32R and 32F) 176.
6.3.6 Over/Undervoltage Protection (Functions 59 and 27) 177 -- 6.3.7 Loss of Field Protection (Function 40) 177 -- 6.3.8 Stator Unbalanced Current Protection (Function 46) 178 -- 6.3.9 Voltage Balance Protection (Function 60) 178 -- 6.3.10 Breaker Failure Protection (Function 50BF) 179 -- 6.3.11 Rotor Ground Fault Protection (Function 64F) 180 -- 6.3.12 Inadvertent Energization Protection (50/27) 180 -- 6.3.13 Out-of-Step Operation (Function 78) 181 -- 6.3.14 Over-/Under-Frequency Protection (Function 81O/U) 182 -- 6.3.15 Generator Differential Protection (Function 87) 182 -- 6.4 TRIPPING AND ALARMING METHODS 183 -- 7 INSPECTION PRACTICES AND METHODOLOGY 187 -- 7.1 SITE PREPARATION 188 -- 7.1.1 Foreign Material Exclusion 188 -- 7.1.2 Foreign Material Exclusion Procedures 190 -- 7.2 EXPERIENCE AND TRAINING 191 -- 7.2.1 SAFETY PROCEDURES - ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES 191 -- 7.3 INSPECTION FREQUENCY 193 -- 7.4 GENERATOR ACCESSIBILITY 194 -- 7.5 INSPECTION TOOLS 195 -- 7.6 INSPECTION FORMS 196 -- 8 STATOR INSPECTION 204 -- 8.1 STATOR FRAME SOLEPLATES 205 -- 8.2 STATOR FRAME - GENERAL 210 -- 8.3 STATOR CORE AIR DUCTS 214 -- 8.4 STATOR CORE LAMINATIONS 215 -- 8.5 STATOR CORE CLAMPING SYSTEM 227 -- 8.6 STATOR COILS / BARS 233 -- 8.7 FLOW RESTRICTION IN WATER-COOLED STATOR WINDINGS 239 -- 8.8 STATOR WEDGING SYSTEM 241 -- 8.9 STATOR ENDWINDING 245 -- 8.10 MAIN AND NEUTRAL END LEADS, CABLES, VTS, CTS AND INSULATORS 248 -- 9 Rotor Inspection 252 -- 9.1 ROTOR SPIDER WITH SHRUNK LAMINATED RIMS 254 -- 9.2 ROTOR RIM 259 -- 9.3 ROTOR POLES 262 -- 9.4 Rotor Brakes 273 -- 10 AUXILLIARIES INSPECTION 278 -- 10.1 EXCITATION - FIELD BREAKER 279 -- 10.2 EXCITATION - STATIC EXCITER COMPONENTS 281 -- 10.3 BRUSHLESS EXCITER 281 -- 10.4 STATIC EXCITER TRANSFORMER 283 -- 10.5 EXCITATION - ROTATING EXCITERS 283 -- 10.6 EXCITATION - SLIPRINGS, COMMUTATOR AND BRUSHES 288 -- 10.7 SURFACE AIR COOLERS 298.
10.8 FIRE PROTECTION 300 -- 10.9 GENERAL ITEMS 302 -- 10.10 THRUST AND GUIDE BEARING 305 -- 10.11 MISCELLANEOUS AUXILIARIES 307 -- 11 MAINTENANCE AND TESTING 309 -- 11.1 STATOR CORE MECHANICAL 310 -- 11.1.1 Core Tightness 310 -- 11.1.2 Core and Frame Vibration and Testing 311 -- 11.2 STATOR CORE ELECTRICAL TESTS 314 -- 11.2.1 ELCID Testing 314 -- 11.2.2 ELCID Test Procedure 314 -- 11.2.3 High Energy Flux Test 316 -- 11.2.4 Open-circuit saturation curve 324 -- 11.2.5 Short- circuit saturation curve 325 -- 11.2.6 Through-Stud Insulation Resistance 325 -- 11.3 STATOR WINDING MECHANICAL TESTS 325 -- 11.3.1 Wedge Tightness 325 -- 11.4 STATOR WINDING MECHANICAL TESTS 327 -- 11.4.1 Stator EndWinding Vibration 327 -- 11.5 STATOR WINDING ELECTRICAL TESTS 328 -- 11.5.1 Pretesting Requirements 328 -- 11.5.2 Components of the Winding 328 -- 11.5.3 Stator Winding Semiconducting/Stress Control Repair 333 -- 11.5.4 AC Testing 335 -- 11.5.5 Very Low Frequency (VLF) Testing 342 -- 11.5.6 Dc testing 343 -- 11.5.7 Direct versus Alternating Voltage Testing 351 -- 11.5.8 Polarization Index (PI) 352 -- 11.5.9 Stepped or Ramped Voltage test 355 -- 11.5.10 DC High Potential Test 356 -- 11.5.11 AC High Potential Test 356 -- 11.6 ROTOR MECHANICAL TESTING 358 -- 11.6.1 Rotor Nondestructive Examination 358 -- 11.6.2 Rotor NDE specifics 364 -- 11.7 ROTOR ELECTRICAL TESTING 368 -- 11.7.1 Winding Resistance 368 -- 11.7.2 Insulation Resistance (IR) 369 -- 11.7.3 DC Over Voltage Test 371 -- 11.7.4 Shorted Turns 371 -- 11.7.5 Traditonal Pole Drop Test 372 -- 11.7.6 Impedance Test (VIW) 372 -- 11.7.7 Recurrent Surge Test 373 -- 11.8 Bearings 373 -- 11.8.1 NDE 373 -- 11.8.2 Insulation Resistance 374 -- 11.9 HEAT-RUN TESTING 374 -- 11.9.1 Test Procedure 375 -- 11.9.2 Acceptance Parameters 375 -- 12 MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHIES, UPGRADES & UPRATES 378 -- 12.1 GENERAL MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHIES 379 -- 12.1.1 Breakdown Maintenance 379.
12.1.2 Planned Maintenance 379 -- 12.1.3 Predictive Maintenance 379 -- 12.1.4 Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) 380 -- 12.2 OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE HISTORY 380 -- 12.3 MAINTENANCE INTERVALS/Frequency 381 -- 12.4 Planned Outages 381 -- 12.4.1 Minor Outage 382 -- 12.4.2 Major Outage 382 -- 12.5 REHABILITATION, UPRATING/UPGRADING & LIFE EXTENSION 383 -- 12.6 EXCITATION SYSTEM UPGRADES 389 -- 12.6.1 Static Pilot and Conventional Rotating Main Exciter 389 -- 12.6.2 Static Pilot and Rotating Brushless Diode Exciter 390 -- 12.6.3 Rotating Brushless Thyristor Exciter 390 -- 12.6.4 Full Static Exciters 392 -- 12.6.5 Limiters 393 -- 12.6.6 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) 394 -- 12.6.7 Reactive and Active Compensation or Droop 394 -- 12.6.8 Field Current Regulator (FCR) 394 -- 12.6.9 Digital Measuring Transducers 394 -- 12.6.10 The Power Circuit 394 -- 12.7 WORKFORCE 396 -- 12.8 SPARE PARTS 397 -- 12.9 EFFECT OF UPRATING ON GENERATOR LIFE 398 -- 12.10 REQUIRED INFORMATION, TESTS AND INSPECTION PRIOR TO UPRATING/UPGRADING 399 -- 12.11 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE AFTER UPRATING 400 Index.
Summary: "There are two types of power generators. One is turbo generators mainly used by steam turbines. The other is salient pole generators used by hydroelectric power generation which is the most widely used from of renewable energy. Turbo generators and Salient pole generators both use rotating pole to charge up the electromagnetic energy, but the pole each generator uses has unique physical characteristics. This book focuses on the physics and maintenance knowledge of the salient pole generators"-- Provided by publisher.
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Original edition published under title: Operation and maintenance of large turbo generators / Geoff Klempner, Isidor Kerszenbaum.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 9 -- 1.1 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC NOTIONS ON ELECTRIC POWER 10 -- 1.1.1 Magnetism and Electromagnetism 10 -- 1.1.2 Electricity 12 -- 1.2 ELECTRICAL-MECHANICAL EQUIVALENCE 12 -- 1.3 ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) 13 -- 1.4 THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS 15 -- 1.5 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MACHINE OPERATION 15 -- 1.5.1 Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction 16 -- 1.5.2 Ampere-Biot-Savart's Law 16 -- 1.5.3 Lenz's Law of Action and Reaction 16 -- 1.5.4 Electromechanical Energy Conversion 17 -- 1.6 THE SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE 17 -- 1.6.1 Background 17 -- 1.6.2 Principles of Construction 18 -- 1.6.3 Rotor Windings 19 -- 1.6.4 Stator Windings 19 -- 1.7 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE - BASIC OPERATION 20 -- 1.7.1 Magnetic Representation 20 -- 1.7.2 Generator Mode - Steady-State Using Vectors 21 -- 1.7.3 System Support - Reactive Power 22 -- 1.7.4 Motor Operation 22 -- 1.7.5 Equivalent Circuit 23 -- 1.7.6 Machine Losses 24 -- 2 GENERATOR DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION 27 -- 2.1 STATOR CORE 28 -- 2.1.1 Laminations 28 -- 2.1.2 Lamination - Slot and Yoke Section 29 -- 2.1.3 Core Piling (stacking) and Clamping 30 -- 2.2 STATOR FRAME 33 -- 2.3 ELECTROMAGNETICS 35 -- 2.4 CORE-END HEATING 38 -- 2.5 FLUX AND ARMATURE REACTION 38 -- 2.6 STATOR CORE AND FRAME FORCES 40 -- 2.7 STATOR WINDINGS 41 -- 2.8 STATOR WINDING WEDGES 45 -- 2.9 ENDWINDING SUPPORT SYSTEMS 48 -- 2.10 STATOR WINDING CONFIGURATIONS 49 -- 2.11 STATOR TERMINAL CONNECTIONS 49 -- 2.12 ROTOR RIM 50 -- 2.13 ROTOR SPIDER/DRUM 56 -- 2.14 ROTOR POLE BODY 57 -- 2.15 ROTOR WINDING AND INSULATION 59 -- 2.16 AMORTISSEUR WINDING 61 -- 2.17 SLIP/COLLECTOR RINGS AND BRUSH GEAR 62 -- 2.18 COOLING Air 62 -- 2.19 ROTOR FANS/BLOWER 63 -- 2.20 ROTOR INERTIA, TORQUE, AND TORSIONAL STRESS 64 -- 2.21 THRUST AND GUIDE BEARINGS 66 -- 2.21.1 Introduction 66 -- 2.21.2 Important Concepts 67 -- 2.21.3 Thrust Bearings 68.

2.21.4 Thrust Bearing Pressure 70 -- 2.21.5 Guide Bearings 70 -- 2.21.6 Deterioration and Failure of the Bearing Surface 72 -- 3 GENERATOR AUXILIARY SYSTEMS 79 -- 3.1 OIL SYSTEMS 80 -- 3.2 STATOR SURFACE AIR COOLING SYSTEM 82 -- 3.2.1 Construction 82 -- 3.2.2 Function 83 -- 3.2.3 Replacement Surface Air Coolers 83 -- 3.2.4 Maintenance 84 -- 3.3 BEARING COOLING COILS AND WATER SUPPLY 84 -- 3.4 STATOR WINDING DIRECT COOLING WATER SYSTEM 85 -- 3.4.1 System Components and Functions 85 -- 3.5 EXCITATION SYSTEMS 87 -- 3.5.1 Types of Excitation Systems 87 -- 3.6 EXCITATION SYSTEM PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS 88 -- 4 OPERATION AND CONTROL 91 -- 4.1 BASIC OPERATING PARAMETERS 92 -- 4.1.1 Machine Rating 93 -- 4.1.2 Apparent Power 93 -- 4.1.3 Power Factor 94 -- 4.1.4 Real Power 95 -- 4.1.5 Terminal Voltage 96 -- 4.1.6 Stator Current 96 -- 4.1.7 Field Voltage 96 -- 4.1.8 Field Current 96 -- 4.1.9 Speed 97 -- 4.1.10 Short-Circuit Ratio 97 -- 4.1.11 Volts per Hertz 97 -- 4.2 OPERATING MODES 99 -- 4.2.1 Shutdown 99 -- 4.2.2 Field Applied Offline (Open Circuit) 99 -- 4.2.3 Synchronized and Loaded (Online) 99 -- 4.2.4 Start-up Operation 99 -- 4.2.5 Online Operation 100 -- 4.2.6 Shutdown Operation 100 -- 4.3 MACHINE CURVES 100 -- 4.3.1 Open-Circuit Saturation Characteristic 100 -- 4.3.2 Short circuit Characteristic 101 -- 4.3.3 Capability Curves 101 -- 4.3.4 V-Curves 104 -- 4.4 SPECIAL OPERATING CONDITIONS 104 -- 4.4.1 Unexcited Operation ("Loss-of-Field" Condition) 104 -- 4.4.2 Negative Sequence Currents 105 -- 4.4.3 Load Cycling and Repetitive Starts 106 -- 4.4.4 Overloading 108 -- 4.4.5 Loss of Cooling 108 -- 4.4.6 Over Fluxing 109 -- 4.4.7 Runaway and Overspeed 109 -- 4.4.8 Loss of Lubricating Oil 109 -- 4.4.9 Out-of-Step Synchronization and "Near" Short Circuits 110 -- 4.4.10 Under and Over Frequency Operation (U/F and O/F) 110 -- 4.5 BASIC OPERATION CONCEPTS 110.

4.5.1 Steady-State Operation 110 -- 4.5.2 Equivalent Circuit and Vector Diagram 111 -- 4.5.3 Power Transfer Equation between the Generator and the Connected System 111 -- 4.5.4 Working with the Fundamental Circuit Equation 112 -- 4.5.5 Parallel Operation of Generators 114 -- 4.5.6 STABILITY 115 -- 4.5.7 Sudden Short Circuits 117 -- 4.5.8 SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS 118 -- 4.5.9 Voltage and Frequency Variation 119 -- 4.5.10 Negative Sequence Current 119 -- 4.5.11 Over Current 125 -- 4.5.12 Current Transients 126 -- 4.6 GRID-INDUCED TORSIONAL VIBRATIONS 126 -- 4.6.1 Determination of Shaft Torque and Shaft Torsional Stress 126 -- 4.6.2 Material Changes Due to Torsional Vibrations 126 -- 4.6.3 Types of Grid-Induced Events 127 -- 4.7 EXCITATION AND VOLTAGE REGULATION 128 -- 4.7.1 The Exciter 128 -- 4.7.2 Excitation control 129 -- 5 MONITORING AND DIAGNOSTICS 131 -- 5.1 GENERATOR MONITORING PHILOSOPHIES 132 -- 5.1.1 SIMPLE MONITORING WITH STATIC HIGH LEVEL ALARM LIMITS 133 -- 5.2 DYNAMIC MONITORING WITH LOAD VARYING ALARM LIMITS 134 -- 5.3 ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE (AI) DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEMS 137 -- 5.4 MONITORED PARAMETERS 139 -- 5.4.1 Generator Electrical Parameters 140 -- 5.4.2 Stator Core and Frame 144 -- 5.4.3 Stator Winding 147 -- 5.5 RADIO FREQUENCY MONITORING 156 -- 5.6 CAPACITIVE COUPLING 156 -- 5.7 STATOR SLOT COUPLER 158 -- 5.8 ROTOR 158 -- 5.9 EXCITATION SYSTEM 165 -- 6 GENERATOR PROTECTION 169 -- 6.1 BASIC PROTECTION PHILOSOPHY 170 -- 6.1.1 Generator Protection System 171 -- 6.2 IEEE Device Number 172 -- 6.3 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PROTECTIVE FUNCTIONS 172 -- 6.3.1 Synchronizer and Sync-Check Relays (Functions 15 and 25) 173 -- 6.3.2 Stator Ground Protection (Functions 59G and 27TH) 173 -- 6.3.3 Phase Backup Protection (Functions 21 and 51VC) 174 -- 6.3.4 Volts/Hertz Protection (Function 24) 175 -- 6.3.5 Reverse/Forward Power Protection (Functions 32R and 32F) 176.

6.3.6 Over/Undervoltage Protection (Functions 59 and 27) 177 -- 6.3.7 Loss of Field Protection (Function 40) 177 -- 6.3.8 Stator Unbalanced Current Protection (Function 46) 178 -- 6.3.9 Voltage Balance Protection (Function 60) 178 -- 6.3.10 Breaker Failure Protection (Function 50BF) 179 -- 6.3.11 Rotor Ground Fault Protection (Function 64F) 180 -- 6.3.12 Inadvertent Energization Protection (50/27) 180 -- 6.3.13 Out-of-Step Operation (Function 78) 181 -- 6.3.14 Over-/Under-Frequency Protection (Function 81O/U) 182 -- 6.3.15 Generator Differential Protection (Function 87) 182 -- 6.4 TRIPPING AND ALARMING METHODS 183 -- 7 INSPECTION PRACTICES AND METHODOLOGY 187 -- 7.1 SITE PREPARATION 188 -- 7.1.1 Foreign Material Exclusion 188 -- 7.1.2 Foreign Material Exclusion Procedures 190 -- 7.2 EXPERIENCE AND TRAINING 191 -- 7.2.1 SAFETY PROCEDURES - ELECTRICAL CLEARANCES 191 -- 7.3 INSPECTION FREQUENCY 193 -- 7.4 GENERATOR ACCESSIBILITY 194 -- 7.5 INSPECTION TOOLS 195 -- 7.6 INSPECTION FORMS 196 -- 8 STATOR INSPECTION 204 -- 8.1 STATOR FRAME SOLEPLATES 205 -- 8.2 STATOR FRAME - GENERAL 210 -- 8.3 STATOR CORE AIR DUCTS 214 -- 8.4 STATOR CORE LAMINATIONS 215 -- 8.5 STATOR CORE CLAMPING SYSTEM 227 -- 8.6 STATOR COILS / BARS 233 -- 8.7 FLOW RESTRICTION IN WATER-COOLED STATOR WINDINGS 239 -- 8.8 STATOR WEDGING SYSTEM 241 -- 8.9 STATOR ENDWINDING 245 -- 8.10 MAIN AND NEUTRAL END LEADS, CABLES, VTS, CTS AND INSULATORS 248 -- 9 Rotor Inspection 252 -- 9.1 ROTOR SPIDER WITH SHRUNK LAMINATED RIMS 254 -- 9.2 ROTOR RIM 259 -- 9.3 ROTOR POLES 262 -- 9.4 Rotor Brakes 273 -- 10 AUXILLIARIES INSPECTION 278 -- 10.1 EXCITATION - FIELD BREAKER 279 -- 10.2 EXCITATION - STATIC EXCITER COMPONENTS 281 -- 10.3 BRUSHLESS EXCITER 281 -- 10.4 STATIC EXCITER TRANSFORMER 283 -- 10.5 EXCITATION - ROTATING EXCITERS 283 -- 10.6 EXCITATION - SLIPRINGS, COMMUTATOR AND BRUSHES 288 -- 10.7 SURFACE AIR COOLERS 298.

10.8 FIRE PROTECTION 300 -- 10.9 GENERAL ITEMS 302 -- 10.10 THRUST AND GUIDE BEARING 305 -- 10.11 MISCELLANEOUS AUXILIARIES 307 -- 11 MAINTENANCE AND TESTING 309 -- 11.1 STATOR CORE MECHANICAL 310 -- 11.1.1 Core Tightness 310 -- 11.1.2 Core and Frame Vibration and Testing 311 -- 11.2 STATOR CORE ELECTRICAL TESTS 314 -- 11.2.1 ELCID Testing 314 -- 11.2.2 ELCID Test Procedure 314 -- 11.2.3 High Energy Flux Test 316 -- 11.2.4 Open-circuit saturation curve 324 -- 11.2.5 Short- circuit saturation curve 325 -- 11.2.6 Through-Stud Insulation Resistance 325 -- 11.3 STATOR WINDING MECHANICAL TESTS 325 -- 11.3.1 Wedge Tightness 325 -- 11.4 STATOR WINDING MECHANICAL TESTS 327 -- 11.4.1 Stator EndWinding Vibration 327 -- 11.5 STATOR WINDING ELECTRICAL TESTS 328 -- 11.5.1 Pretesting Requirements 328 -- 11.5.2 Components of the Winding 328 -- 11.5.3 Stator Winding Semiconducting/Stress Control Repair 333 -- 11.5.4 AC Testing 335 -- 11.5.5 Very Low Frequency (VLF) Testing 342 -- 11.5.6 Dc testing 343 -- 11.5.7 Direct versus Alternating Voltage Testing 351 -- 11.5.8 Polarization Index (PI) 352 -- 11.5.9 Stepped or Ramped Voltage test 355 -- 11.5.10 DC High Potential Test 356 -- 11.5.11 AC High Potential Test 356 -- 11.6 ROTOR MECHANICAL TESTING 358 -- 11.6.1 Rotor Nondestructive Examination 358 -- 11.6.2 Rotor NDE specifics 364 -- 11.7 ROTOR ELECTRICAL TESTING 368 -- 11.7.1 Winding Resistance 368 -- 11.7.2 Insulation Resistance (IR) 369 -- 11.7.3 DC Over Voltage Test 371 -- 11.7.4 Shorted Turns 371 -- 11.7.5 Traditonal Pole Drop Test 372 -- 11.7.6 Impedance Test (VIW) 372 -- 11.7.7 Recurrent Surge Test 373 -- 11.8 Bearings 373 -- 11.8.1 NDE 373 -- 11.8.2 Insulation Resistance 374 -- 11.9 HEAT-RUN TESTING 374 -- 11.9.1 Test Procedure 375 -- 11.9.2 Acceptance Parameters 375 -- 12 MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHIES, UPGRADES & UPRATES 378 -- 12.1 GENERAL MAINTENANCE PHILOSOPHIES 379 -- 12.1.1 Breakdown Maintenance 379.

12.1.2 Planned Maintenance 379 -- 12.1.3 Predictive Maintenance 379 -- 12.1.4 Condition-Based Maintenance (CBM) 380 -- 12.2 OPERATIONAL AND MAINTENANCE HISTORY 380 -- 12.3 MAINTENANCE INTERVALS/Frequency 381 -- 12.4 Planned Outages 381 -- 12.4.1 Minor Outage 382 -- 12.4.2 Major Outage 382 -- 12.5 REHABILITATION, UPRATING/UPGRADING & LIFE EXTENSION 383 -- 12.6 EXCITATION SYSTEM UPGRADES 389 -- 12.6.1 Static Pilot and Conventional Rotating Main Exciter 389 -- 12.6.2 Static Pilot and Rotating Brushless Diode Exciter 390 -- 12.6.3 Rotating Brushless Thyristor Exciter 390 -- 12.6.4 Full Static Exciters 392 -- 12.6.5 Limiters 393 -- 12.6.6 Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR) 394 -- 12.6.7 Reactive and Active Compensation or Droop 394 -- 12.6.8 Field Current Regulator (FCR) 394 -- 12.6.9 Digital Measuring Transducers 394 -- 12.6.10 The Power Circuit 394 -- 12.7 WORKFORCE 396 -- 12.8 SPARE PARTS 397 -- 12.9 EFFECT OF UPRATING ON GENERATOR LIFE 398 -- 12.10 REQUIRED INFORMATION, TESTS AND INSPECTION PRIOR TO UPRATING/UPGRADING 399 -- 12.11 MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE AFTER UPRATING 400 Index.

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"There are two types of power generators. One is turbo generators mainly used by steam turbines. The other is salient pole generators used by hydroelectric power generation which is the most widely used from of renewable energy. Turbo generators and Salient pole generators both use rotating pole to charge up the electromagnetic energy, but the pole each generator uses has unique physical characteristics. This book focuses on the physics and maintenance knowledge of the salient pole generators"-- Provided by publisher.

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